Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal - Essay Example 6). In contrast, in the American culture, confidentiality and privacy are given importance. Therefore, it is unacceptable to ask details about age, income, salary, or even personal details such as weight, among others. It is definitely uncomfortable for one to see or to experience people from other cultures behaving in ways perceived as unacceptable in one. For the particular example of public display of affection, people from Western culture deem it normal and acceptable to shake hands, embracing each other, hugging, as a sign of greeting or bidding goodbyes. The behavior, regarded as unacceptable in Arab culture, and even in some Asian culture, should be revealed and known in the Western culture so that people would understand how to properly behave in day to day interactions without offending other people from diverse cultural orientations. As indicated in Echo Depiction, â€Å"Arabs quickly gain a negative impression if one (even a westerner) behaves too open with a person of th e opposite sex.  Ã‚  Arabs could interpret that sort of behavior by their standards and consider the person to have low moral standards† (par. 5).

Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education - Assignment Example Quality literacy learning happens when students are offered the opportunities to appreciate recreational and creative aspect of the entire literature and other kinds of texts (Nixon, Comber, with Grant, & Wells, 2010). The curriculum should therefore allow students to fully participate in the society. The program should involve among other forms of support an emphasis on independent reading and independent writing alongside critical literacy to achieve independent learning for diverse learners. This should be crowned by a proper ongoing assessment that involves the following: running records, observation surveys, observation checklists, rubrics, anecdotal records, and marking scales. Using an ‘inquiry stance’ permits teachers to analyze the dynamics and complexities of their classroom communities as well as to design curriculum basing on their knowledge/understanding of students in their circumstances (Nixon, Comber, with Grant, & Wells, 2010). This means, teacher-researchers in schools teaching diverse students bring social circumstance into the foreground; they take into social circumstance to be more than the ‘background’ to the lives of their students’. This approach makes the cultural and linguistic diversity of families a property rather than a deficit. The discussion here follows the work of a teacher who combines critical approach literacy with a property model of cultural diversity (Laura & Carol, 2008). This involves, foregrounding students’ cultural and linguistic resources in the curriculum to generate high quality literature results for diverse learners. The school I teach, it serves a diverse community of students. This includes significant numbers of languages speakers other than English in each classroom. This means that in there are collaborations between teachers to help linguistically and culturally diverse students to develop their literacy in English and other learning

Techniques for Extraction of Impacted Lower Third Molars

Techniques for Extraction of Impacted Lower Third Molars Abstract Objectives: Many series of side effects will be produced with the extraction of impacted lower third molar which including pain, swelling, inflammation, and trismus. Flap design is important to allow good visibility, reach to the impacted tooth, and for healing of the surgically created defect. This study aims at the evaluation and comparison of standard flap design with comma type of flap design used in the surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molar and to objectively evaluate the merits and demerits of individual flap design. Study Design: In this study 200 patient with bilateral mandibular third molars impaction of age group of 18-30yrs were selected for the study, To reflect the mucoperiosteal flap On one side standard incision and on other side comma incision were used and , after which the steps are common in the removal of impacted third molars. Immediately on the post –operative days 1, 3 and 7 the post– operative parameters (pain, swelling and mouth opening were recorded. And periodontal status were recorded pre operatively, 1st month and 2nd month respectively. Results Conclusion: The pain and swelling scores were found to be significantly lower in the surgical area with comma incisions which was recorded on days 1, 3 and 7 as compared to the the area where standard incisions were made. In mouth opening There was a sufficiently great difference seen between the two incisions on 1 post-operative day, but though there was clinical difference between the two incisions on day 3 and 7 there was no statistical significance. The results of the study shows no lingual nerve paresthesia or any other morbidity, hence the new incision design should probably be made the conventional method, considering the less degree of post operative complications encountered. although it may require some practice initially. Key words: Standard Incision, Comma Incision, Mandibular Impaction, disimpaction,Visual Analog Scale Clinical Implications:-third molar impactions are common and usually associated with postoperative complications like pain, swelling, trismus and pocket formation. Incision and flap design is important in healing wound and minimizing post-operative complications. Comma incision design has shown less post-operative complication in compare to standard incision Introduction: Impaction is defined as cessation of the eruption of a tooth caused by a clinically or radio graphically detectable physical barrier in the eruption path or by ectopic position of the tooth. at least one impacted third molar will be present in 33% of the population which requires surgical removal of impacted third molar hence disimpaction is the one of the most frequently performed procedure.1 Lower third molars constitute a major bulk of teeth that are impacted in the oral cavity2. Many series of side effects will produced with the extraction of impacted lower third molar which including pain, swelling, inflammation, and trismus 3. Flap design is important to allow good visibility, reach to the impacted tooth, and for healing of the surgically created defect. Many different incisions have been used to raise the flap, like Wards Incision, modified ward’s incision, envelope, ‘S’ shaped incision [Bould Henry] etc4. Ward’s and modified ward’s incision are more commonly used and it was observed that Wards and modified Wards incision provide excellent visual and mechanical access and can be closed by means of a suture inserted between the buccal and lingual soft tissues alone5 , However when a releasing incision is made a small buccal artery is sometimes encountered and this may be mildly bothersome during the early portion of surgery, and also the suture is usually placed on a bone defect and not on healthy bone this may cause additionally pain, delayed healing are also seen.6 Nageshwar has tried a new type of incision- comma shaped incision and has compared it with the modified wards technique (Figure 1). However the number of cases in his study were very less [n=15], hence this study was undertaken to compare this new comma shaped incision with wards incision using more objective and subjective parameters with a larger sample size. Material and Methods: 200 patients between the age group of 18-30yrs, having completely impacted bilateral mandibular third molars or partially erupted third molar, with good oral hygiene, without any symptoms of pain or swelling were included for the study. Patient on any medication, pregnancy, severe Pericoronitis, soft tissue impaction, medically compromised, Missing mandibular second molars was the exclusion criteria for the study and were excluded from the study. The instruments used to compare two flap designs were Williams probe to measure pocket depth. Visual analog scale of 0 to 10 was used to estimate pain by subjectively asking the patient to rate the nocioceptive experience7. Swelling was assessed by measuring by the distance between the: Tragus notch and a reproducible soft tissue pogonion a long the skin surface. Tragus notch to angle of mouth Tragus notch to ala base Tragus notch to outer surface on lateral wall of eye Angle of mandible to outer surface of lateral wall of eye The percentage difference between the postoperative and preoperative measurements was calculated. Mouth opening was evaluated by measuring the maximum inter incisal distance. After obtaining ethical clearance from the hospital ethical committee, written consent was obtained from all the patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria. Preoperative radiographs were taken to assess the position, depth and angulation of the third molars and to exclude any local pathosis such as a cyst, tumor etc. pain, swelling, mouth opening and pocket depth were recorded Preoperatively . One side of impacted mandibular molar is surgically removed under local anesthesia Using standard flap (figure 2). pain, swelling and mouth opening were measured Postoperative on day 1, 3 and 7 respectively. The extraction on the opposite side was done with the alternate flap design-Comma incision (figure 3). The follow up and postoperative complications of patients on day 1, 3 and 7 were recorded for the parameters studied. After flap reflection standard procedural steps were followed. Flap was sutured with 30 Braided silk sutures. Post operative instructions were given and patients with a standard antibiotic regimen of Cap. Amoxicillin 500mg TDS* 5days Tab. Ibuprofen 400mg TDS* 5 days Tab. Metronidazole 400mg TDS* 5 days Bilateral The pocket depth is recorded after month. Data management and Analysis The post-operative complications for each subject for both incisions were recorded and all data was entered in Microsoft Excel. Data was analyzed using computer software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10. Data are expressed in its frequency and percentage as well as mean and standard deviation. To elucidate the associations and comparisons between different parameters, Chi square (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2) test was used as nonparametric test. Student’s t test was used to compare mean values between two groups. For all statistical evaluations, a two-tailed probability of value, Results: Out of 200 extractions done using ward’s incision 107 were non erupted and 93 were partially erupted, Out of 200 extractions done using comma incision 111 were non erupted and 89 were partially erupted, {table 1} In extractions done with standard incision 26.67%of subjects had severe pain on day 1 where as only 13.33% of subjects had severe pain on the exaction side done by comma incision. There is a high statistically significant difference between the two type of incision on day 1 in comparing the pain. (Chi -Square=15.627, P=0.0062) similarly the pain was severe for 6.67% of the patients extracted with ward’s incision and there was no pain on other side where comma incision was used on the 7th post operative day (Chi -Square=28.799, P=0.000) {Table 2} In extractions done with standard incision 46.47%of subjects had severe swelling on day 1 whereas only 33.33% of subjects had severe swelling on the exaction side done by comma incision. But the difference seen was statistically significant difference between the two type of incision on day 1 in comparing the swelling, (Chi -Square=2.4762, P=0.2889). the swelling was sever for 20% of the patient extracted with ward’s incision and there were no patient with sever swelling on comma incision side, (Chi -Square=8.6872, P=0.0365). on 7th day there were no patient with severe swelling in both the groups but 40%of the patients experienced moderate pain in ward’s incision group where as only 13.33% had moderate swelling in comma croup. There is a statistically significant difference between the two groups on day 7 (Chi -Square=18.879, P=0.0158).{Table 3} The mouth opening on day 1 in ward’s incision side is between 29-25mm where 33.33% where as only 13.33% of the patients in comma group. There was highly statistical significant difference between the inter incisal measurements to check for mouth opening on day 1 (Chi -Square=24.658, P=0.000). but though there was clinical difference between the two incisions on day 3 and 7 there was no statistical significance.{Table 4 } There is significant statistical difference between wards and comma incision in relation to pocket depth recorded after first month and the second month in first month is (t=2.684, P=0.025), and in second month is (t=4.937, P=0.000). and even when ward’s and comma incision are compared separately over time there was statistical significance between the pocket depth in first and the second month was seen, I’e (wards incision t=5.176, P=0.000) and (comma incision t=6.812, P=0.000) in second month. {Table 5} Discussion: Third molar surgery has been associated with a variety of complications, flap design is one important factor influencing the severity of these complications . The incisions used in surgical treatments of impacted 3rd molars can be grouped in to envelop and triangular varients.all incisions irrespective of there variations, were extended from the distal aspect of second molar towards ramus. These standerd incisions have been modified by many surgeons.the incision modified by Groves and Moore started distal to the distobuccal line angle of the second molar to conserve the periodonsium8. Berwick designed a lingually based flap using an incision line that was tongue shaped and did not lie over the bony defect.9. Comma shaped incision was designed by Nageshwar to limit the post operative pain and swelling. Post operative pain of moderate to severe intensity is usually noticed after third molar surgery, the pain usually begins as the effect of local anesthesia fades off. The peak intensity of pain is noticed after about 6 hours. The pain then disappears slowly within a few days if it heals normally.10 In our study, pain was assessed by using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) as it takes little time to describe to the patient and it is easily understood by the patient. The results showed less pain scores on comma incision side as compared to ward’s incision side which is similar to that of the study of Nageshwar. (This may be because small mucoperiosteal flap was elevated during comma incision, the drainage in comma incision is good and this is single flap hence it will give a tight closure on occlusal surface distal to second molar.) This result is not in correlation with the results of Gool et al as they have seen that severity in pain is not related to the type of incision.11 trauma and infection are the main cause for postoperative swelling. The truma to the tissues associated with oral surgical procedures is the usual cause of early postoperative swelling. It is most marked after 19-24 hrs and then diminishes after about seven days.12 Swelling in cases with comma incision was comparatively lees than cases with standard incision was done. This study results compliments the study by Nageshwar.1 but the method of measuring swelling was not satisfactory in that study because the swelling is three dimensional hence it is measured by marking on 6 different points on the face as described earlier. Salata L.A et al and Szmyd et al reported that restricted mouth opening peaks on the day of surgery. This study is in agreement to this statement too13. The comma incision encountered less number of subjects with limited mouth opening when compared with the standard incision side which is in agreement with the study of Nageshwar’s result The inter relation between trismus and pain have been reported in many studies. It might therefore be expected that mouth opening after the removal of impacted mandibular third molars is painful and consequently reduced to its full extent. The hypothesis has been confirmed by an electromyographic study which proved that restricted mouth opening is a voluntary action to avoid pain.14 There was a statistical difference in the postoperative probing depth between the two types of incision after the first and second months. These results are contradictory with many studies, by Rosa et al, Quee et al and Schofield et al which show no differences in pocket depth related to flap designs15. But A.A. Krausz, E.E.Machtei,M.Peled suggest that increased second molar pocket may be related to osteotomy16. However others believe that the flap design and the patients age might have an effect on second molar periodontal status. When removal of impacted molars was done during developmental stage of the tooth faster regrowth of the alveolar bone crest . However as all our subjects were in the age group of 18 -30 we feel that age was not a major factor and the difference in pocket depth is related to the type of flap. Conclusion: The results of the study shows that none of the patients in the study developed lingual nerve paresthesia or any other morbidity, hence the new incision design should probably be made the conventional method, considering the less degree of post-operative complications encountered. although it may require some practice initially. Further research with newer flap designs like the comma design, which will minimize the post operative complications, should be considered in the extraction of impacted third molar surgery.

Anxiety Disorder Essay -- Psychology, Phobia, Agoraphobia

Among many psychological disorders, anxiety disorders are the most predominant in the United States. According to Antony (2011), anxiety disorders affect nearly 28.8 percent of the population. An extreme and unrealistic anxiety is the most common symptom that characterizes all the psychological conditions within the category of anxiety disorders. The category includes specific phobia, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This paper examines obsessive-compulsive disorder discussing the major etymological explanations of anxiety disorders in general, specifically describing the condition, and discussing actual treatments for the disorder. Anxiety played an important role in the psychoanalytic theory, and, as a result, psychoanalytic interpretation is important to understand anxiety disorders. In the psychoanalytic interpretation, anxiety is defined an intense sensation of endangerment and an unconscious mechanism produced by unconscious conflicts. According to Wolman and Stricker (1994), it can be understood as a symptom that is the cause and effect of itself and a product of past experience, psychological mechanisms, and psychic contents like persecutory anxiety or separation anxiety. For Freud, nervous anxiety was produced by sexual frustration and repressed sexual drives, or libido. In his theory, sexual frustration creates a biochemical imbalance that results in anxiety. However, this idea does not have support on the empirical basis because there is not a biochemical process that correlates with Freud’s theory. In addition, on the psychological basis, sexually abstinent people do not always experience ext reme anxiety (Wolma... ..., and pharmacological treatment would be better in the case of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this sense, the patients would be encouraged to examine their beliefs or assumptions that create their compulsions. The etymological explanations of anxiety disorders represent the bases for the creation of any treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder, while they increase our knowledge about the condition. Since diagnose is extremely related with the severity of the symptoms, the correct treatment approach is also related with the state of the condition. Future research is needed to enhance our knowledge and understanding of the causes and elements that contributed to the condition’s occurrence. In conclusion since every treatment has its limitation, a combination of different treatment is the best methodology to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Process Mapping

| PDF | Print | Share Process Mapping – An Overview Back to previous page Process Mapping – An Overview What is it and how can it help me? A map of a patient journey is a visual representation – a picture or model – of the relevant procedures and administrative processes. The map shows how things are and what happens, rather than what should happen. This helps anyone involved see other people's views and roles.It can also help you to diagnose problems and identify areas for improvement. There are different approaches to mapping patient journeys, procedures and administrative processes in healthcare services. Which one you select will depend upon: What you need to know Resources and timescales Engagement and interest of staff Each one gives you a slightly different perspective and there is no definitive right or wrong. The key is to reflect how things are – and not how they should be.Examples of process mapping techniques: A guide to mapping patient journeys – process mapping; a conventional model Process mapping – alternatives ways to conventional process mapping Process templates Walkthrough a patient journey Spaghetti diagram Value added steps A picture of time and resources (process templates) required by a single patient Reviewing the patient pathway; mapping your last ten patients – using patient files and records Getting patient perspectives Care pathway analysis When does it work best?Mapping patient journeys is an essential tool to reduce delays and highlight improvements for patients and staff. Each approach reveals a different perspective. All approaches will reveal: Unnecessary delays Unnecessary steps / unnecessary handovers Duplication of effort / waste Things that don't make sense / not logical Likely hotspots, bottlenecks or constraints Depending upon which approach you use, you will be able to: Identify bottlenecks and constraints Identify and understand variations in clinical practice Deve lop a shared understanding of the problem Build teamsIdentify issues to do with quality of care Gain an in-depth understanding of a patient's perspective Identify steps that don't directly contribute to patient care (those that contribute are sometimes called value added steps) Carry out capacity and demand analysis from core information Mapping things out can also produce brilliant ideas; especially from staff who don't normally have the opportunity to contribute to service improvement, but really know how things work. How to use it You don't need to map everything: concentrate on the area where there is a gap in your understanding, or which needs improvement.Ideally, you will know where the bottleneck is before you go into more detailed mapping as the information you need should be slightly different. The information and level of detail you need depends upon your starting point. Consider the views and perspectives of the people you want to work with to identify the problems and so lutions. Where do I start? What do you need to know? How simple can you go? Are you working at a high level along the whole pathway or focusing in more detail? Whose views do you need? What is the best way to engage them? Do you need to meet with / engage people in advance?How could you capture the patient's view (if the mapping exercise includes part of the service they experience)? Wherever possible, use photographs and pictures of places, staff and equipment in mapping exercises. This brings your representation of ‘how things are' to life. Guide to Conventional Process Mapping Potential impact (on patient journeys) This is often used across teams and Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due organisations (see mapping the whole patient to duplication and work that doesn't make journey across teams and organisations) to sense, right support for constraints. earn about this mapping technique). Strengths Outcome A range of staff's knowledge about their work Different perspecti ves. (what happens and when it happens) mapped Interpretation is shared. along a patient journey. Staff buy-in for potential improvements. Lots of ideas for improvement. Change or improvement ideas. What it is Usually a big meeting of fifteen to twenty- five people lasting around two to three hours. Team building. Everyone understands the issues, so reduces resistance to change proposals.What resources you need Weaknesses Skilled facilitator (not part of the group). A room. Lead-in time to get the right people in the Effort to set up. room. Cost of external facilitation (unless you Time from the people involved, preferably at a time when there is lease opportunity for are able to get someone from another interruption. part of the organisation). Rolls of paper, post-its. Time – delay in getting going. People who aren't in the room don't get engaged. Lots of ideas for improvement overwhelming, so follow-up doesn't meet expectations.Non-Conventional Process Mapping Potential imp act (on patient journeys) This is often used across teams and Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due organisations (see process mapping – to duplication and work that doesn't make alternative ways). sense or doesn't ‘add value', right support for constraints. Outcome Usually more quickly accessed knowledge Strengths about a procedure / clinic / administrative process. Details could focus on: Can be planned in a shorter timescale. Walk the patient journey yourself. Set up a mini mapping session. Value added steps.Potential for more detailed information to be produced. A good place to start. A picture of the time and resources Weaknesses (process templates) required by a Could still get silos unless links or single patient. interfaces with other teams Staff buy-in for potential considered. improvements. Change or improvement ideas. What it is (eg different approaches) 1. Walking through the patient journey 2. Set up a mini process mapping session. 3. Follow a patient. 4. Be a patient . What resources you need Clipboard and paper (if doing it by yourself) or flipcharts, rolls of paper and post its. onsidered. Just because there is more detail, it does not (and should) not reflect everything. A judgement call needs to made on what actually would be useful and what is possible to undertake in the time that has been allocated. Tracking paperwork, samples, patients Potential impact (on patient journeys) through a system (see tracer studies to Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due learn about this technique). to duplication and work that doesn't make sense or does not ‘add value'. Outcome A small number of pathways mapped ie 10 Strengths patient records along key steps and/or staff nteractions. Less resource intensive to set up. What it is A form developed to pick up information as something goes through the system. Collate the information and follow-up either through interviews or group discussion. Identifies steps that are hidden. Level of detail in a contained area. Some staff may feel this approach is more scientific as it focuses on what happened and when, adding weight to the findings. What resources you need Planning time and good communication (staff who are involved need to know what they need to do and why). Weaknesses A good form. Analysis time. Analysis time.Follow-up time (meeting or possibly interviews). Ownership of the results or findings less. Some people may say the sample size is too small. Using patient files and records Potential impact (on patient journeys) (see reviewing the patient pathway: mapping Standardises clinical practice / timescales at key stages of clinical pathway, reduces your last ten patients). unnecessary delays and work that doesn't ‘add value'. Outcome 10 records of patient journeys with timescales Strengths from a defined start and end point. What it is A review of patient records and a follow-up meeting to discuss findings.Relatively quick and easy to focus – it gi ves you a good starting point. Focus on clinically important events and when they happen. What resources you need Access to patient records (this isn't always Comparison across consultant. easy). Time to review the patient records. A room and the right people to discuss the Weaknesses results. Misses out the detail. Misses out the ‘why things happen'. People may say the sample size is too small. Walkthrough a patient journey / patient Potential impact (on patient journeys) shadowing (see process mapping – Reduces unnecessary delays, time lost due alternative ways). o duplication and work that doesn't make sense or doesn't ‘add value'. Delays reduced Outcome due to quality issues picked up from patients' Qualitative perspective of the patient's viewpoints. journey and interactions with staff. See also Strengths getting patient perspectives What it is Someone ‘shadows' a patient taking a tour of all of the steps or some steps in a patient's journey. You can al so walk through the journey talking to staff, but you will miss interaction between patients and staff. What resources you need Someone external to the team to carry out the walk through.Identifies issues that staff may be less happy to highlight in a bigger group. Quality focus. Identifies local solutions with staff that they can take forward. Good way for individuals in a team to see how other teams work. Some preparation. Weaknesses Agreement about what to do with the findings. General ownership of the insights Staff who are skilled at observing / gained (it is recommended someone interviewing doing the walk through. Permission from patients. external to the team does the walk Time to write it up. through). Shadowing does not necessarily provide representative views. Workflows (see spaghetti diagram)Outcome A picture of time wasted from walking / movement of things. Strengths What it is A picture of the actual movement of staff, patients or things eg X-rays through a department. Called a spaghetti diagram as that's what it often looks like. Results of improvements Better layout for a department or ward based on observations. Easy and quick to do. Visual picture reveals a lot and triggers much discussion. Weaknesses What resources you need Someone to observe the movement of the Also its strength – a single perspective person, patient or thing. Preparation and discussion time with team. Flipchart and pens.Compare with evidence based pathways Results following improvement Development towards evidence pathways. based Outcome A comparison of your clinical pathways with existing evidence based pathways. Strengths What it is Uses existing pathway work as a source of knowledge and ideas, links to pathway work: Focus on evidence based care and best practice. Simple vision for the future. Map of Medicine May get people ‘on the same page'. Delivering quality and value Cancer Services Collaborative Partnership Department of Health 18 week programme Weaknes ses NHS Library – Protocols and Pathways What resources you need Preparation.Access to the existing pathway. Meeting room and time with the right people. Flipchart. A focus on ‘right patient, right care, right time' (Source local evidence) May not pick up the reality of what is going on in your pathway (especially in support function).. Currently, only main pathways are available. You must know your own pathway to get the most from it. Care Pathway Analysis Tools Results following improvement Care pathway analysis tools allow health Depends upon the focus of the simulation systems to map out the patient journey as a and the changes made as a result. rocess map. You can then modify this to show the potential impact of new ways of Strengths working, or new technology and practice (see care pathway analysis). Displays ideas for improvement and potential impact without need to make What you get from the analysis actual changes on the ground. The anticipated impact prior to change. Done right, it can save significant resources eg you can see bottlenecks and anticipate the impact Helps to visualise benefits of change. of changes in work patterns around the Can prevent decisions that would make things worse rather than better. ottleneck. The discussions around the results usually What it is lead to direct improvement. It is a simulation software tool. A number of Weaknesses tools are now being developed for the NHS, Generally needs a lot of data and some such as the Scenario Generator. The NHS expertise from information and analytical Institute for Innovation and Improvement has departments as well as facilitation. acquired a free license for each SHA and All models represent a view of the world. The PCT. impact the model simulates may not be what happens.What resources you need Currently, free tools only have limited number Access to the simulation software. of pathways Reasonable standard of computer hardware Not available to some regions. to ensure si mulation runs quickly. You must know your own pathway to get the Analytical expertise. most from it. Additional data. Meetings to develop your model. Good understanding about the strengths and limitations of the approach. Examples â€Å"We want the simplest possible picture of how the process works, and simplest is the key word here.The aim of process mapping is to make things clear – to provide us with insight, and the best map is the simplest map that provides that insight. † The East Midlands Improvement Network Originally from Jones & Mitchell, Lean Enterprise Academy  © NHS Confederation. A high level value stream shows the time taken by each main party in an elective care pathway. This type of map can give you context for more detailed mapping exercises. What next? Be clear about your focus. If you are starting out, select an approach that will give you an overview of the whole pathway. Try to get an experienced facilitator on board to help you out.Be clear abo ut your objectives, ie ask what, why, when, where and how? For example, the scope of your project may be to reduce waiting times for radiology. You know mapping will help you. What do you do? A couple of high level maps would be a good place to 1. Describing the workflow of the department, around diagnostic tests 2. Describing the whole pathway for the most common test These would pick up areas for improvement that are straightforward (for example reducing the number of handovers) and may also pick up problem areas for more detailed mapping exercises.You should make improvements before you get to the next stage. The specific tools will guide you a bit more, but you may find it helpful to refer to the service improvement project guide as a checklist. Some tools that may help you Listening – the importance of this skill will help to ensure all participants' views are acknowledged Managing conflict may help with resistance to change Additional resources Websites: Map of Medicine Map of Medicine is linked to Connecting for Health and is currently available to organisations in the english NHS.NHS Scotland's Centre for Change and Innovation covers measurement, analysis, techniques and solutions for service improvement in health, including a section on mapping. Background The techniques described here originate in the main from the manufacturing industry, with a couple from social sciences. For example, the emphasis and term ‘value stream mapping' comes from an approach called Lean.Directly translated to health, this separates and maps out procedures and work processes that: Directly benefit patients (hands on time, decision making) Supports the benefit of patients (eg staff training) Does not benefit patients (eg time spent looking for something that isn't in the right place) Our knowledge about how to apply these approaches to improve health services is developing all the time. The foundation of this guide originates from the NHS Modernisation Agency, the National Clinical Governance Support Team and the learning and experience of work done by NHS organisations.At present, there is a strong influence from Lean and Six Sigma approaches to mapping pathways, procedures and work processes in healthcare. The other strong influence on health services is the development of evidence based clinical pathways. These are being developed as standardised pathways, using evidence developed by organisations like the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Mapping has been used to illustrate the world and how things work pretty much since the beginning of time.Humans navigate by maps, as well as using them to illustrate and make sense of the world. Different maps have different perspectives and uses – which all combine to give us a more balanced overview of any given situation. Acknowledgements / sources The foundation of this guide originates from the NHS Modernisation Agency, the National Clinical Governance Support Team and t he learning and experience of work done by NHS organisations.  © Copyright NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement 2008  © Copyright NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement 2006-2012

Human Resource Management Overview Essay

Human Resource Management is a very important key to any business there are many areas that relies on the people that work in this field. Working in this field takes a lot of dedication and time not only as a person but as a team member as well. Let me go ahead and get started discussing the importance of Human Resource Management. First of all, what is Human Resource Management also known as HRM? Human Resource Management is a group of people within an organization that focuses on recruiting new employees, providing directions to the current employees, etc. Human Resource Management responsibility is to work with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training [(About. com) ]. Human Resource Management is also a strategic and comprehensive approach to managing people and the workplace culture and environment [(About. com) ]. Effective Human Resource Management enables employees to contribute effectively and productively to the overall company direction and the accomplishment of the organization’s goals and objectives [(About. om) ]. The goal of Human Resource Management is to maximize the productivity of an organization while treating employees with respect and keep them safe at the same time. What is the primary function of Human Resource Management? When it comes to a primary function to Human Resource Management; this is a difficult area because there is more than one function th at is important in this area. As I can recall there are four main functions that revolves around this job category. The first major function is what they call acquisition in which this consists of planning for employees which involves the following; needs of employees, skills needed, recruiting, and hiring (11Ju). The second major function is development which consists of basically training activities (11Ju). The third function involves compensation which includes paying the employees and giving them incentives (11Ju). The fourth function that I can think of is maintenance which involves employee benefits, insurance, and etc (11Ju). So with this being said I can not narrow it down to one primary function. The main role for Human Resource Management in an organization’s strategic plan is the following. Human Resource Management works directly with the employees and they are aware of the employees needs and aware of the surrounding that the employees are put into. So therefore their main role is to help the others decide if a certain change would benefit or hurt the employees’ production, etc. Having some members from Human Resource Management aware of the strategic plan is critical when an organization is making plans to change something because they are able to say what they need to in order to keep the employees safe in the environment while making changes as necessary. If the HRM is left out of this type of planning there could be problems in a lot of different areas, Human Resource Management is able to see if the actions will interfere with the employees progress. In conclusion to this paper, there have been several important areas covered concerning Human Resource Management throughout this paper. The first section consisted of material that described what human resource management is in detail. The next section that was covered is concerning what the primary function of Human Resource Management is. The last section that was covered is the role that human resource management plays in an organizations strategic plan.