Marcus Mosiah Garvey :: rastafarianism, reggae music

Marcus Mosiah Garvey was an incredible dark progressive and race pioneer who impacted a considerable number individuals in his time and keeps on doing as such through reggae music. A significant number of Marcus Garvey's exercises and beliefs have discovered a voice in the verses of cognizant reggae artists at various times. From universally well known performers, for example, Bob Marley and Burning Spear, to the music and expressions of The Rastafari Elders, reggae artists have discovered motivation in Marcus Garvey. For some reggae performers, their work is about more than music, it is a device for showing the majority. Diminish Tosh at a show in California explained to the crowd the motivation behind why he was there.Don't think I come here for diversion. I and I come to streak helping, quake, and roar in these spots of obliteration and unrighteousness.2 Tosh and numerous artists like him are taking reggae to a more elevated level, one where the artists are prophets of Garvey and Rasta. A significant part of the lessons of reggae depend on a Rastafarian view, as this is the religion of a considerable lot of the cognizant reggae performers that lecture the Garvey message. Rastafarianism owes a great deal to Marcus Garvey, as he is credited as the originator. The religion was conceived on the wordsLook to Africa for the delegated of a Black king.3 They paused and in 1930, the prediction was satisfied when, Ras Tafari Mekonnen was delegated ruler of Ethiopia and took the name Haile Selassie. Working from the good book and their own translations of it, the Rastafarians discovered proof to help their case and a religion was conceived. Marcus Garvey is viewed as a component of the Rastafari Trinity, andis second just to Haile Selassie,4 the Rastafari God. In the case of singing straightforwardly about Marcus Mosiah Garvey, or about Rastafarianism, reggae artists are assisting with spreading the lessons of this dark prophet and progressive to a huge number of music audience members everywhere throughout the world. Marcus Garvey was conceived in 1887 in the St. Ann's Parish in Jamaica. He originated from an enormous, poor family and because of absence of cash, when he was fourteen Garvey left school and turned into a printer's understudy. By the age of eighteen he had become an ace printer. Garvey had consistently been a fast student and when he turned into the foreman of a printing organization in Kingston, the capital of Jamaica,he proceeded with his instruction by perusing widely, exploiting the organization library.5 However, Marcus Garvey's political emotions before long disrupted the general flow when the laborers took to the streets in 1909.

Market Entry Strategies for MNEs and SMEs

The strategies to enter a given market are huge for any firm ready to broaden its activities while expanding and growing its tasks. MNEs companies are for the most part enormous and predominant in their household markets and frequently look for approaches to expand so as to build their size of tasks while limiting dangers in residential markets.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Market Entry Strategies for MNEs and SMEs explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More On their part, SMEs are as yet developing and look for chance to enhance their exercises while developing to maximum capacity. As they try to embrace an assembling adventure in an outside market, both SMEs and MNEs use some passage methods as inspected in this paper (Doole Lowe 2008, p. 57). Neighborhood fabricating is the action where the organizations included produces merchandise and enterprises for nearby or household use. The organizations make items with the point of residential utilization . For nearby assembling to occur, the household advertise must be sufficiently enormous to give the market to fabricated products. The market must be enormous enough for the included organizations to make benefit since the huge venture is included. In spite of the fact that the aim of assembling is for nearby utilization, in certain circumstances, the firm creates surplus that could be sold outside the proposed showcase (Rajesh et al., 2008, p. 316). Sending out Market Entry Strategy MNEs are predominant enterprises in their local markets and look for expansion into different markets for various reasons including accessibility of assets for such type of broadening. In this manner, as supported by Peng (2008, p. 173), MNEs have enough assets to embrace a neighborhood fabricating broadening in another nation. The achievement of the enhancement relies upon the strategy for passage picked by the firm. As indicated by Hamid et al. (2008, p. 45), most MNEs are engaged with sending out sys tem with the organizations wandering into new markets either legitimately or in a roundabout way. Along these lines, sending out is the most well-known type of passage methodology for neighborhood fabricating. In the trading methodology, the organizations included boat or sell merchandise in the residential economy and it is a typical system for little and medium endeavors to wander into new markets. As supported by Demirbag and Ekrem (2009, p.161), sending out could be either immediate or indirect.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This could be through set up outlets of the firm in the remote market. Unexpectedly, circuitous sending out includes the trading firm to sell another purchaser (merchant) the items and the purchaser at that point sends out the items to other remote markets (Wã ¶lfl 2004, p. 73). Trading could likewise appear as web showcasing where busin ess exchanges happen on the web. With the assembling firm keeping fabricating in its residential economy, it could send out its items to another market through the web. Universal web advertising has picked up development with firms accepting requests from different abroad markets. Sending out is generally attempted by both MNEs and SMEs in light of the fact that the technique is anything but difficult to execute. Under sending out, a firm has the chance of having its items sold in an outside market without tying up quite a bit of its capital. The strategy has less dangers included and MNEs may misuse the mode to build up their economies of scale (Doole Lowe 2008, p. 65). As indicated by Al-Kaabi et al. (2010, p. 153), the most well-known type of sending out for SMEs is roundabout trading in which a middle person is included. For this situation, the SME offers its items to a middle person who them attempts the activity to move the products across outskirts to another nation. In any c ase, the instance of MNEs, they generally have enough assets to embrace direct sending out for neighborhood fabricating. They set up joins in the remote economy and fare their fabricated items while legitimately offering them to the shoppers (Doole Lowe 2008, p. 76). Points of interest and drawbacks of Entry procedures of MNEs As substantiated by Thompson, Strickland and Gamble (2010, p. 56), MNEs are blessed with enough assets that could empower the firm to embrace any passage technique into a given market given a chance. The accessibility of assets empowers MNEs to misuse the main mover advantage when contrasted with SMEs that might not have enough assets to attempt the move quickly the assembling opportunity is established.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Market Entry Strategies for MNEs and SMEs explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such procedures help MNEs seize the developments of opponents in the assembling area while empowering the firm to catch clients quick. While making exchanging costs that tie the clients into the items and administrations, the techniques utilized by MNEs help the organizations grow enormous deals volumes (Tufts 2006, p. 350). In spite of the section endeavors embraced by MNEs, they generally falter to burning through of much time and endeavors in learning the trading and assembling guidelines in the outside nation. Accordingly, MNEs that move quick will undoubtedly commit errors because of obliviousness while enduring the risk of being an outsider (Peng 2008, p. 165). Points of interest and impediments of Entry techniques of MNEs SMEs are mindful in embraced the fare procedure and this causes them to limit the included dangers. The wary idea of the sending out procedure attempted by SMEs is on the grounds that the organizations in this class ordinarily have less assets that could empower them to embrace the system themselves. They in this manner include mediators that buy their items and fare t hem to other global goals. Along these lines, when the roundabout trading of SMEs is contrasted with that of MNEs, unmistakably SMEs limit dangers while connecting minimal capital consequently having the option to acknowledge expanded income (Agility Emerging Markets Logistics Index, 2012). The main impediment with circuitous sending out methodology embraced by SMEs is that it requires some investment and when the merchandise arrive at the market, the market could be overwhelmed by the MNEs, who appreciate first mover advantage. Be that as it may, the moderate moves of SMEs could empower them to gain from the errors made by MNEs. Rundown of References Agility Emerging Markets Logistics Index 2012, A point by point positioning and investigation of the world’s significant creating coordinations markets. Web. Al-Kaabi, M et al. 2010, ‘International showcase passage systems of developing business sector MNEs: A contextual analysis of Qatar Telecom’, Journal of East-W est Business, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 146-170. EBSCOHOST, DOI: 10.1080/10669868.2010.486104Advertising Searching for paper on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Demirbag, M Ekrem, T 2009, ‘Guest Editorial: MNEs section and operational techniques in transitional and developing markets’, Journal of East-West Business, vol. 15, no. Â ¾, pp. 157-163. EBSCOHOST, DOI: 10.1080/10669860903435905 Doole, I Lowe, R 2008, International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation, 5 ed., Cengage Learning EMEA, Cheriton House. Hamid, M et al., 2008, ‘Foreign Market passage: The instance of SMEs in the Republic of Czech Republic’, Journal of East West Business, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 41-64. EBSCOHOST, DOI: 10.1300/J097v14n01_03 Peng, W 2008, Global technique, 2 ed. Cengage Learning, Southwestern. Rajesh, S et al., 2008, ‘Competency and execution examination of Indian SMEs and enormous organizations’, Competitiveness Review, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 308-321. EBSCOHOST, DOI: 10.1108/10595420810920798 Thompson, A, Strickland, A Gamble, J 2010, Crafting and Executing Strategy: Text and Reading, McGraw-Hill Irwin , New York. Tufts, S 2006, ‘We make it work: the social change of inn laborers in the city’, Antipode, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 350-73. Wã ¶lfl, A 2004, ‘Productivity development in administrations enterprises: is there a job for measurement?’ International Productivity Monitor, vol. 8, pp. 66-80. This article on Market Entry Strategies for MNEs and SMEs was composed and put together by client Kelsey Buckley to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The Nervous and Endocrine Systems

The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Theories Biological Psychology Print The Nervous System and Endocrine System By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 23, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 23, 2019 More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology While neurons  are the building blocks of the body’s communication system, it is the network  of neurons that allow signals to move between the brain and body. These organized networks, composed of up to 1 trillion neurons, make up what is known as the nervous system. The human nervous system is composed of two parts: the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which is composed of nerves and nerve networks throughout the body. The nervous system. The endocrine system is also essential to communication. This system utilizes glands located throughout the body, which secrete hormones that regulate a variety of things such as metabolism, digestion, blood pressure and growth. While the endocrine system is not directly linked to the nervous system, the two interact in a number of ways. The Central Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The primary form of communication in the CNS is the neuron. The brain and spinal cord are absolutely vital to life and functioning, so there are a number of protective barriers surrounding them starting with the bone (skull and spine) and membrane tissues known as meninges. In addition, both structures are suspended in a protective liquid known as cerebrospinal fluid. Why are the brain and spinal cord so important? Think of these structures as the literal center of the body’s communication system. The CNS is responsible for processing every sensation and thought you experience. The sensory information that is gathered by receptors throughout the body then passes this information on to the central nervous system. The CNS also sends messages out to the rest of the body in order to control movement, actions, and responses to the environment. Structure and Function of the CNS The Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral system (PNS) is composed of a number of nerves that extend outside of the central nervous system. The nerves and nerve networks that make up the PNS are actually bundles of axons from neuron cells. Nerves can range from relatively small to large bundles that can be easily seen by the human eye. Exploring the Peripheral Nervous System The PNS can be further divided into two different systems: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Somatic Nervous System: The somatic system transmits sensory communications and is responsible for voluntary movement and action. This system is composed of both sensory (afferent) neurons, which carry information from the nerves to the brain and spinal cord, and motor (efferent) neurons, which transmit information from the central nervous system to the muscle fibers. Autonomic Nervous System: The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as certain aspects of heartbeat, respiration, digestion and blood pressure. This system is also related to emotional responses such as sweating and crying. The autonomic system can then be further subdivided into two subsystems known as the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Sympathetic Nervous System: The sympathetic system controls the body’s response to emergencies. When this system is aroused, a number of things begin to occur: your heart and breathing rates increase, digestion slows or stops, the pupils dilate and you begin to sweat. Known as the fight-or-flight response, this system responds by preparing your body to either fight the danger or flee.Parasympathetic Nervous System: The parasympathetic nervous system functions to counter the sympathetic system. After a crisis or danger has passed, this system helps to calm the body. Heart and breathing rates slow, digestion resumes, pupil contract and sweating ceases. The Endocrine System As noted earlier, the endocrine system is not a part of the nervous system, but it is still essential to communication throughout the body. This system is composed of glands, which secrete chemical messengers known as hormones. Hormones are carried in the bloodstream to specific areas of the body, including organs and body tissues. Some of the most important endocrine glands include the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the thyroid, the ovaries, and the testes. Each of these glands works in a number of unique ways in specific areas of the body. So how are the endocrine and nervous system linked? The brain structure known as the hypothalamus connects these two important communication systems. The hypothalamus is a tiny collection of nuclei that is responsible for controlling an astonishing amount of behavior. Located at the base of the forebrain, the hypothalamus regulates basic needs such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex in addition to emotional and stress responses. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary glands, which then controls the release of hormones from other glands in the endocrine system.

Bystander Effect Essay - 1403 Words

The Bystander Effect is a controversial theory given to social phenomenon where the more potential bystanders there are, the less likely any individual is to help in emergency situations. A traditional explanation for the cause of the Bystander Effect is that responsibility diffuses across the multiple bystanders, diluting the responsibility of each. (Kyle et al.) The Bystander effect, also known as the Genovese Syndrome, was named after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets of New York in front of thirty-seven witnesses. After studying the Genovese syndrome and doing research on how this phenomenon occurs even today, it is clear The Bystander Effect is not just a theory, but actually fact. It wasn’t†¦show more content†¦An eyewitness told detectives that he contemplated calling the police and instead, called a friend to get advice on what he should do. After confiding in his friend, the man decided to get help and had an elderly women make the call. The man sheepishly told the police â€Å" I didn’t want to get involved.† (Gansberg) Six days later, police arrested Winston Moseley, a 29-year-old machine operator for the murder of Kitty Genovese. Law enforcement was unsure if they should hold the eyewitnesses responsible for failure to report the crime that resulted in the murder. After investigations, most witnesses admitted they were too afraid to call, or gave other arbitrary reasons for not reporting the crime. Detectives interviewed a couple that admitted to hearing the screams and even witnessed the crimes. When asked why they didn’t contact the police the wife replied, â€Å"I don’t know† (Gansberg). Another witn ess told the police he didn’t report the crime because he was too tired and went back to bed. Detectives were able to capture the suspect rather quickly because the residents of the neighborhood were capable of providing detailed information leading to the arrest of Moseley. It was this event that lead to the discovery of The Genovese Syndrome, otherwise known as The Bystander Effect. The Bystander Effect refers to the phenomenon that an individual s likelihood of helping decreases when passive bystanders are present in a critical situation. (Darley and Latane 250)Show MoreRelatedEssay on Bystander Effect1079 Words   |  5 PagesBystander effect, (Darley Latane, 1970) refers to decrease in helping response when there are bystanders around relative to no bystanders. Referring to previous study stating that there are some cases of which group size may promote helping instead of hindering it (Fischer et al., 2011). Researchers then speculate the possibility of positive influe nces from bystanders by taking public self-awareness into consideration. Researchers proposed that high public self-awareness would reverse the bystanderRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pages Bystander or Bodyguard: An Examination of Who Helps and Who Does Not A bystander, according to Michael Webster’s New World College Dictionary, is an individual who is present in a given situation, but is not involved (Agnes, 2001). The word bystander does not always have a negative connotation, but in the case of bullying or an emergency situation, it does. In either scenario, a bystander is not helping in a time of crisis and this can have many negative outcomes. Many factors play a role in remainingRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bystander Effect The Bystander effect is a controversial theory given to social phenomenon where the more potential helpers there are, the less likely any individual is to help. A traditional explanation for this Bystander Effect is that responsibility diffuses across the multiple bystanders, diluting the responsibility of each. (Kyle et al.) The Bystander effect, also known as the Genovese Syndrome, was created after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets ofRead MoreEssay about The Bystander Effect1791 Words   |  8 Pages‘The Bystander Effect’ Lily is thirteen years old and tall for her age. One afternoon, she confronts a suspicious looking stranger near a young girl playing in the local park. The stranger takes to his heels when Lily challenges him. Lily’s bravery is the talk of the neighbourhood. On learning of this, a student who is studying social psychology makes the comment: It’s just as well that Lily’s usual playmates were not around or that little girl might not have received any help. (Vaughan andRead MoreEssay The Bystander Effect2567 Words   |  11 Pagessuch as; ignoring an old lady who slipped and fell down in the middle of the road, avoiding helping an old man to pick up his change that fell out of his pocket, disregarding the school fight between the two students, etc. The main purpose of this essay is to explain why and under what conditions some people are more likely to get involved then others. It accomplishes that by looking at the two opposite but related events in which people have a choice of whether or not to interfere, then it triesRead MoreThe bystander effect Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinitive example of the bystander effect, the social phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to help someone in distress if there are other people present. The bystander effect occurs wherever there is a situation that is ambiguous, or where a lack of action can be rationalized by a diffusion of responsibility in a large group, or where the presence of others presents a significant risk to the bystander such that he or she is afraid to provide help. The bystander effect results from peopleRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesLatane’s, â€Å"Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility.† They conducted this study to figure out how would people react in various group sizes in an emergency situation. As well as which one those individuals in different size groups would go and call for help. The concept of this was taken from the famous case of Kitty Genovese, who was stabbed to death multiple times and finally was killed in her own neighborhood and no one intervened. This is known to be the bystander effect. HoweverRead MoreThe Bystander Effect Essays1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bystander Effect Psy 110 - Asynchronous The Bystander Effect If you saw someone being attacked on the street, would you help? Many of us would quickly say yes we would help because to state the opposite would say that we are evil human beings. Much research has been done on why people choose to help and why others choose not to. The bystander effect states that the more bystanders present, the less likely it is for someone to help. SometimesRead MoreBystander Effect Theory Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bystander Effect Theory Have you seen a group of children bullying or pushing around another child? Did you stand by and watch the situation and not intervene? If so, even with such a minor situation, you fell into the bystander effect theory. The bystander effect happens every day in our lives and dates all the way back to the Holocaust and even further back in history. The bystander effect theory is a psychological phenomenon were people do not help others in emergency situations whenRead MoreEssay on The Bystander Effect: How Big Is to Big of a Group?944 Words   |  4 Pagesbusy street of Manhattan, Katie becomes light headed passing out; although she is in a large group of people, no one stops to help. This phenomenon is called the â€Å"bystander effect.† A bystander is often anyone who passed by, witnessed, or even participated in a certain situation (Polanin, Espelage Pigott, 2012). The bystander effect is the idea that the larger the group, the less likely an individual is to be helped. The likelihood of someone getting helped is inversely compared to the number of

Steven Cranes Role in the Literary Revolution and an...

If it takes a revolutionary to topple the general way of thinking, Stephen Crane is that revolutionary for American literature. The dominant literary movement before Crane’s time, Romanticism, originated in Germany and England as a response to classicism and soon dispersed worldwide. (McKay 766). Romanticism stressed the power of the human conscience and the intensity of emotion. It was essentially a spiritual movement, fiercely conflicting with the rigid rules and standards of classicism and the restraint of the Enlightenment. The belief that all humans embodied a unique greatness was widespread. Further along in history, however, came a man who sought to destroy this confident idea from his despondent circumstances. Disenchanted by the†¦show more content†¦Crane’s literary skills were also influenced from a very early age; his brother was a newspaper columnist who lived with him at home during his youth (Szumski 14). Similarly, his parents were â€Å"educate d and civic minded, used to making persuasive speeches, admirers and cultivators of the spoken word† (Szumski 14). Even while being raised in an environment with such high moral expectations, Crane soon displayed signs of independence. He dropped out of Methodist boarding school to attend a military academy, where he developed an interest for â€Å"poker and baseball,† according to colleague Harvey Wickham (Szumski 14). Following a life path deviating more and more from his family’s traditionalist beliefs of faith and purity, it is clear that through these factors Crane would hone his literary skills to combat traditional norms. Crane’s decision to write a story in a context (the Civil War) with which he had no experience showed that this stemmed from his desire to dissect the philosophy of individualism in a setting where no societal influences exist. The fact that he also does not mention the meaning of the war and its battles demonstrates his desire to â€Å"make an ‘Everyman’ of Henry: he is any young man of any era facing a trial by fire in any battle† (Johnson 25). The groundbreaking theories of Charles Darwin, an English naturalist of his time, influenced Crane’s attack on individualism. Darwinism’s implications questioned orthodox religious

The Purpose and Function of University Education Free Essays

Purposes and functions of university education: My own reflection With the six year hard works in my secondary studies, finally I get into university. I am relieved that there is no more past paper and public examination on one hand but I find that I am lost on the other hand. As a freshman, the experience in first month of university life is out of my expectation: I am totally free! There are so many spare times and so few coursework to do. We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose and Function of University Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now No more control from the class teachers. No more annoying reminders from my parents. All I have got is the time to play, play and play (and a little time for lessons, of course). When September has come to an end and October comes as an old friend, I start to wonder: Should my university life go like this? It seems that I am getting lost in a big forest, losing my way, since I do not have a goal. When I was studying in secondary school, there was one goal waiting for me to achieve – getting into university. Now, I have attained it. Then, what’s next? â€Å"University is not equal to vocational training institute. My class teacher has once told me. Now it appears in my mind suddenly. In theory, what you have chosen to study is highly likely to be your career after you graduate. Taking the BBA students as an example, which is the commonest, they are likely to participate in jobs related to finance when they finish their tertiary studies, and it is undeniable in practice. But would the same happen to students of arts like me? If I am going to take crimino logy as my major in year 2, what is my job going to be in the future? A policewoman? The future female Sherlock Holmes? If university is a place where you are going to decide your future career by your major, does it sound sensible that students major in English should be an English teacher? Definitely not, since there are many possibilities even you are majoring in English. Even though you are practicing a specific skill in university, it does not mean that you should give up the opportunity to discover new things. The theory I have just mentioned above is true, however, not absolutely true, especially to the arts students. Since there are many possibilities in the university life, I know that I will be given different chances to try out different things, which is new to me, and it will enable me to discover myself, know more about myself. I am convinced that this is the function of university education – providing a space for learning, discovering, and experiencing. Throughout these three processes, the main purpose of university education – rising up students who are able to think independently and work as a team or individually, can be fulfilled. Apparently, how to have a good job is the last thing for me to consider right now. At this moment, my goal is try to become an active learner, who can ask questions with confidence, get involved in the classes and clubs, and eventually become self-independent and self- initiative, which is a vital characteristic I believe that it is more important than getting a high GPA. â€Å"Learn how to learn†, this is the reason why I am here, studying in university. How to cite The Purpose and Function of University Education, Papers

Racism Essays (763 words) - Helmets, Protective Gear, Hockey Helmet

Racism SHOULD THE NHL MAKE THEIR PLAYERS WEAR MORE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PROTECTIVE GEAR EQUALS SAFETY IN THE NHL The NHL should force their players to wear protective gear. Three reasons why protective gear should be worn are: one, it would prevent physical injuries; two, the players would set a good example for the future generations; three, it would take away from the negative aspects of the game. Protective gear helps a somewhat violent game remain as clean as possible. Wearing protective gear would prevent physical injuries in hockey. There were many hockey players who have worked hard all of their lives to become professional hockey superstars and when they finally got to the NHL, they become injured and were forced to watch the game instead of playing in it. An example of this is Brett Lindros. At the age of sixteen, the New York Islanders drafted Brett in the first round of the entry draft. He played his first NHL game against the Buffalo Sabers when he was eighteen years old. One year later, on February ninth, his whole life came crashing down on him. His lifelong dream to win a Stanley Cup had come to an end. He was hit with a thundering bodycheck into the boards and was knocked unconscious. Soon it was discovered that Brett had a history of concussions that dated back to when he was sixteen years old. The collision forced him to retire at the age of nineteen and spend the rest of his life pondering what was now the fact that he would have to quit in order to live. What actually happened was, when he was hit against the boards, his head hit the glass and that impact forced him to collapse and fall to the ice. This gruesome injury could have been avoided if Brett was wearing an approved helmet. The helmet that he was wearing at the time of the injury had no foam on the inside. That foam helps absorb the impact of a blow to the head. If he had been wearing one, there would have been a huge chance that he could have left the ice with only a mild injury instead of a career ending one. Another example is Brian Berard. His whole career came to an end on March the eleventh when he was playing against the Ottawa Senators. Marian Hossa was taking a slapshot and Berard fell to the ice to block the shot. When the puck was shot, the end of Hossa's stick struck Berard in his eye. The blow caused a 20-millimeter cut across the eyeball, detached the retina, sliced off the lens, and caused other problems.2 Brian Berard is only twenty-two years old and is forced to finish his career because of his health. All of which could have been avoided if he had been wearing a visor on his helmet. If he had been wearing a visor, Hossa's stick would have just bounced off the plastic and Berard would still have blocked the shot. If the league enforces the use of approved equipment, the kids will hardly ever read about injuries on the ice and therefore they won't have a fear in the back of their heads when playing hockey. When the children play hockey in the minor leagues they are forced to wear approved gear. So, if the NHL creat es the same rule, these kids will find it easier to adapt to professional hockey when they are drafted because they are already used to wearing the equipment. Another example of players setting a good example for the future generation of hockey players is Pavel Bure. Pavel Bure is a role model who wears a visor and kids want to play hockey just like him. When children watch their favourite hockey players play hockey wearing protective equipment, the children tend to mimic the behavior of the players and therefore wear protective equipment themselves while playing hockey. Pavel Bure sets a great example by wearing the visor because he is showing the children that you can be a superstar and you can be safe at the same time.He also makes it a habit to show the kids that safety is an important issue when playing

How to Asses Mental Illness Essays

How to Asses Mental Illness Essays How to Asses Mental Illness Paper How to Asses Mental Illness Paper The ability for patients to access mental health services these days are more wide ranging than ever before. This is in part due to the fact that the realm of mental health, once simply governed by physicians, is now peopled by staff of all different types and disciplines. In addition, many mental health professionals are now multiply credentialed, so it is not impossible to see a mental health professional who is all at once a family and marital therapist, a chemical dependency practitioner and a social worker. All these elements only serve to improve the ability of patients/clients to receive quality mental health services, whether it be in a large institutional setting, a community mental health center or in a private clinical office. But what are the different types of mental health professionals who are trained in the identification and treatment of patients with mental health issues? There are many, but for the matter of clarity and brevity, we will focus on just three. Licensed clinical social workers are one type of mental health professional who may be assigned a clinical case. These are individuals who have received graduate level training in the assessment and management of patients with mental illness. They may choose to specialize in a certain type of therapy, such as marital or family therapy or they may provide a more general practice. Clinical social workers are also found in the hospital setting, whether for psychiatric patients or medical patients and are experts in arranging for social services and referral to assisted living facilities, nursing homes, and other post hospitalization care. Advanced registry nurse practitioners are one of the newer types of clinicians in the mental health field. These are nurses who have taken graduate level education which allows them to perform diagnosis and treatment for patients. Many nurse practitioners (also called ARNPs) can prescribe medications for their patients, depending on the laws of the states where they live. ARNPs are also unique in that they can open up clinical practices of their own without having to work under the auspices or licensure of a practicing physician. ARNPs provide medication and counseling services, as well as crisis intervention services. ARNPs are also found frequently in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Another type of professional who may diagnose and treat a patient with mental health issues is a clinical psychologist. These are men and women who receive post-graduate education and receive a doctorate in psychology. Psychologists are often called â€Å"doctor† but the difference is that they are not allowed to prescribe medications. Psychologists are multifaceted, and are able to diagnose and treat patients with mental health issues, as well as perform and interpret psychological testing to held aid in the diagnosis of patients with personality or learning disorders. Psychologists are usually utilized in the outpatient setting, but it is not unheard of for them to work on an inpatient mental health unit as well. While all these different clinical backgrounds are able to assess patients for the presence of mental illness, the issues which they must consider are the same from patient to patient. Whether the patient is a self-referral, court mandated or identified by a family member, before a true clinical diagnosis can be made, a thorough mental health assessment must be made. This mental health assessment includes several key issues which must be answered. First, the clinician must know what the problem is which brought the patient in for evaluation in the first place. Does the patient feel sad, or depressed, or anxious? To what degree does the mood problem affect the patient’s day to day life? Are they able to go on about their daily business, or are they incapable of holding a job or caring for themselves or their families, because of the severity of the illness. Does the patient actually perceive there is a problem, or has the patient been referred by a medical provider, family member, or friend? The high coincidence of mental health problems and substance abuse makes it necessary for the mental health professional to assess if there is any drug or alcohol abuse issues here. How long has the patient had these symptoms, and are they getting worse, better, or staying the same. A family history is also important, especially as it pertains to issues of mental illness within the family, or a history of physical/sexual or emotional abuse. Above all, when any mental health professional is assessing a patient for mental illness, he or she must assess if the patient has any thoughts of hurting himself or anyone else. This is almost the most important question to be asked of any patient who is being assessed for mental health problems, and when answered in the positive, must be dealt with immediately. As we are discussing suicidal ideation, it is important for any clinician to understand who is at the greatest risk of self harm. There is a disparity in the rates of suicide between men and women, in that it is more likely for a woman to express thoughts of suicide and it is more likely for a man to actually commit suicide. In fact, men over age 45 are more than four times more likely than women to kill themselves as women in the same age (National Patient Safety Agency, 2001). An unemployed man is two to three times more likely to commit suicide. Suicide is also believed to account for 20 percent of all death in young people aged 15-24 and is second only to accidental death. The prevalence of substance abuse in this age group tends to be a contributing factor to suicide rates. The additional issues of academic pressure and relationship problems, as well as possible history of physical and sexual abuse are other risk factors. Interestingly, research has also shown that youngsters who know someone who commits suicide are more likely to commit suicide (Shaffi, et. al. 1985). While issues of race and likelihood to commit suicide have been studied, the pattern changes over geographic distribution. A study done in 1993 by Briget seemed to indicate that gay men and lesbians had higher rate of suicide and attempted suicide than the general population. And, as previously mentioned, research has shown that substance abuse is a significant risk factor for suicide and suicide attempts. One study estimated that among people who abuse drugs, the risk of suicide is twenty times greater than that of the general population (Faulkner, 1997) Any discussion about mental health in the 21st Century is sure to bring some in some element of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, commonly known as HIPAA. HIPAA is a federal health benefits law passed in 1996, effective July 1, 1997, which among other things, restricts pre-existing condition exclusion periods to ensure portability of health-care coverage between plans, group and individual; requires guaranteed issue and renewal of insurance coverage; prohibits plans from charging individuals higher premiums, co-payments, and/or deductibles based on health status. It also places strict limits on the type and amount of information which can be released about patients, and to whom the information can be given, and in what manner. While the privacy of patient care information is important, HIPAA can be a stumbling block to the care of patients. For example, should the patient refuse that any collateral information be obtained about his case from a family member or friend, the mental health professional is prohibited by law from making any contact with this person, even if the collateral information could be of help in the care and diagnosis of the patient. In addition, it makes it almost impossible for family members to make appointments or even ascertain that patients are getting care. Health care providers are given leeway in one manner, in that should a mental health patient make what is felt to be a credible threat against another person, the healthcare provider is then able to provide information about the threat to the person in the broadest possible terms, known as a â€Å"duty to warn†. Usually now, before a mental health professional takes on a case, he or she will have the patient sign a document explaining the patient’s rights and the clinician’s responsibilities under HIPAA. In this document, the clinician outlines most common reasons for which the clinician may have to release information about the patient’s care, such as coordinating care with another provider or even obtaining coverage information from the insurer. The patient is also generally advised that he or she may revoke all authorization at any time, but in turn the clinician may choose to discontinue treatment. In this way, both parties are protected. It should be noted, however, that HIPAA restrictions do not apply in cases where abuse is suspected, for clinical health oversight activities, for judicial reasons if evaluations are court ordered, and in cases where the care involves a workman’s compensation issue. The clinician must also provide to the patient a name and number of a person to who concerns about privacy violation may be addressed, and if all else fails, complaints may be made to the Department of Health and Human Services, the federal agency which oversees HIPAA. But should a mental health professional be incautious about the kind of information he or she chooses to release, then he or she may find that they are subject to high fines, sanctions from federally funded agencies and loss of clinical privilege. To me, HIPAA seems like the extreme end of the pendulum, and does little to take into account common sense. I believe that in the future, different legislation will be made to modify the tone of HIPAA and allow a bit of clinical common sense to be used as well. Until that time, mental health practitioners will have to tread lightly and practice with care, keeping in mind at all times the needs of the patient and the rule of the law. So in summary, there are many kinds of mental health professionals, of all different backgrounds and disciplines. It would not be difficult to find a therapist or other mental health professional that would be able to help a client with his or her problems. All are highly qualified. All receive excellent training, and the high degree of diversity allows the mental health patient to almost have a consumer attitude when shopping for mental health care. No matter what kind of practitioner a patient chooses, the patient should be sure that he or she has chosen one who is well versed in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. New laws put into affect do much to protect the rights of the patient, but in some ways can tie the hands of the clinical provider. But ultimately, rules are in place to protect both the patient and the practitioner. Bibliography : Bridget, J. 1994, Treatment of Lesbians with Alcohol Problems in Alcohol services in North-West England, Lesbian Information Service. Faulkner, A. 1997, Briefing No. 1 Suicide and Deliberate Self-Harm. Mental Health Foundation National Patient Safety Agency 2001, Safety First, National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness, five-year report of the National Confidential Inquiry Shaffi, M. , Carigan, S. , Whittinghall, J. R. et al. 1985, Psychological Autopsy of Completed Suicide in Children and Adolescents, American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 1061-1064. United States Department of Health and Human Services website, accessed on 4/2/05 at hhs. gov/ocr/hipaa/

How To Schedule Tweets And Organize Your Social Media Plan

How To Schedule Tweets And Organize Your Social Media Plan Studies suggest its perfectly  acceptable to  tweet up to 15 times a day. Thats 105 tweets  a week! Whether you  plan to send that number of tweets or not, one thing is certain: Twitter is a high-sharing volume network. Your followers expect you to tweet a lot of helpful  content consistently every day. That means scheduling tweets is more important than ever to help you: Queue tweets to automatically post well  into the future. Send tweets at the absolute best times  to reach your followers when theyre most active on Twitter- even when youre busy with other projects and life in general. See every scheduled tweet for all of your Twitter handles  in one place to discover gaps in your posting plan. Thats exactly what youll get when you schedule tweets with , your all-in-one social media editorial calendar. Lets explore. How To Schedule Tweets And Organize Your Social Media Plan Studies suggest its perfectly  acceptable to  tweet up to 15 times a day. Thats 105 tweets  a week! Whether you  plan to send that number of tweets or not, one thing is certain: Twitter is a high-sharing volume network. Your followers expect you to tweet a lot of helpful  content consistently every day. That means scheduling tweets is more important than ever to help you: Queue tweets to automatically post well  into the future. Send tweets at the absolute best times  to reach your followers when theyre most active on Twitter- even when youre busy with other projects and life in general. See every scheduled tweet for all of your Twitter handles  in one place to discover gaps in your posting plan. Thats exactly what youll get when you schedule tweets with , your all-in-one social media editorial calendar. Lets explore.

Ethics memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics memo - Essay Example -mail, instant messaging and internet use to employees include increase in work efficiency since time on the internet can give them break to reset employee’s motivation to further work. Another reason is as an emergency form of communication to the employee’s family. But if these reasons were analyzed, one can consider the fact that these are just excuses to allot less time for work. As an administrative assistant, I have a continuous access to the internet but based on my personal experience it is more distracting to have an office access to personal internet application. Honestly e-mails and instant messaging can be sent through the use of an employee’s mobile gadgets such as phones, tablets and laptops. If these are allowed, then emergency cases are covered. The disadvantages of using the internet for personal use primarily include the lack of demarcation between work and personal issues. By allowing personal use of the internet, the employer sends a message that it allows all forms of non-work related activities such as playing games, online shopping and even sending work-related materials through personal channels. It also exposes the company to different forms of virtual and cyber attacks. The extreme repercussions of this cannot be advantageous to the company in any perspective. In the perspective of human resource management, there should be a consensus regarding issues that can affect the quality and efficiency of work of the employees. On the personal note, I can accept a scenario wherein it is restricted since I can do personal matter in my own time. But for the benefit and concern to my officemates and co-workers, the middle ground should be reached, although it would be an effort and great challenge to the company. If the internet access shall be allowed for personal reasons, it is my personal view that every process should be monitored by the employer. Thus, more efforts are needed since monitoring software needs to be installed. Based

Success of Creation of Horror Movie Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Success of Creation of Horror Movie - Term Paper Example Extended Synopsis:   Michael Neigh (Neigh), an anthropologist, buys a surprise auction box. In the box is what appears to be an ancient Celtic book with a detailed diagram of a back door to another dimension through Stonehenge when the alignment of the crescent moon, Jupiter, and Venus happens once every thousand years.   Neigh has recruited his friend, Franklin, to go to Stonehenge with him.   They are joined by Sheila, the curator for Stonehenge, who won’t let them go without her.   Sheila is the first through the â€Å"door†, Franklin is second, and Neigh is third.   Once in the next dimension, Franklin and Neigh find that time between the entry of three has been delayed, and Sheila, who was first through the door, has been slaughtered, her bloody remains hanging in a clearing not far from where Franklin and Neigh enter the dimension.   Throughout the film, the creature that cannibalized Sheila is never seen.   We are aware of the creature by his heavy, labored, snotty sounding breathing as he chases Neigh and Franklin through the forest.   The creature has the personality of a cat playing with his â€Å"catch.†Ã‚   The film relies on the unseen horror of the creature – however it is manifested in the mind of the viewer based on the creature’s sound effects.   The idea is not to make the sound effects as loud, as they are scary – what kind of sounds can the film team create for the creature to scare the daylights out of the audience.   Franklin and Neigh have to employ survival techniques as they look for the way out of the violent dimension.   They are rescued by Neigh’s girlfriend, who finds a missing page to the ancient book.   Armed in a Nora Croft-like fashion, she has only hours left before the back door closes to rescue her boyfriend and Franklin. Summarise what your film is about:   This film is about horror, unseen horror, building up the suspense of the horror in the mind of the viewer.

Scheduler Choice in Cluster Environment

Scheduler Choice in Cluster Environment Clusters have become more popular and ubiquitous and the number of processors in cluster have also increased considerably. They consist of collection of a homogeneous machines or a host of diverse computational devices which collaborate via a high speed network to execute high-performance applications. Computer industry has widely accepted that future performance increases must largely come from increasing the number of processing cores on a die. This has led to NoC processors. Efficient scheduling of high performance applications on these parallel computing systems is critical to enhance their performance and to improve system throughput. It has been proved that the problem of scheduling tasks with precedence constraints is NP-Complete [Papad, 1994]. The data flow model is gaining popularity as a programming paradigm for parallel computers. Many high-performance applications are a collection of modules which have control/data dependences among them. When the characteristics of an application is fully deterministic, including tasks execution time, size of data communicated between tasks, and task dependencies, the application can be represented by a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). With an increase in the number of processing units, expressing parallelism of an application has become a major challenge. Many studies have proved that designing parallel applications using both task and data parallelism is an effective approach than pure data or pure task parallel models. This mixed parallelism achieves both higher scalability and performance. Mixed parallel applications are represented as Parallel Task Graph (PTG), a graph of data parallel tasks. Understanding the importance of task scheduling on a parallel system, an attempt is made to address issues in scheduling multiple applications with the objectives of enhancing the performance of individual applications and also increasing the throughput the parallel computing system. In this thesis, we introduce two new algorithms Level Based Scheduler (LBS) and Improved Level Based Scheduler (ILBS) to schedule parallel applications represented as parallel task graph onto a cluster of multi-core processors with the objective of reducing their completion time. Both algorithms can be used both as static or hybrid schedulers. We argue that hybrid scheduler is a good scheduler choice in a cluster environment to optimize the utilization of its resources. We state that a better way to deal with multiple applications on a cluster is through adoptive space-sharing approach with a promise to benefit both the user and the cluster administrator. In a space-sharing approach, each application is given a set of processors and it is executed on these processors only. A parallel application can be run on a varied number of processors i.e. a moldable job. Hence we argue that it is good to change processor allotment for executing applications depending on the workload on cluster. To perform initial processor allotment and subsequent adaptations if required, methods to find the optimal and maximal number of processors that an application can utilize are developed. Also a novel method to share available processors among multiple competing task graphs is proposed. A framework is developed to bring together the proposed hybrid schedulers, methods to find processor requirement of each application, the scheme to share processors among multiple applicat ions and a new policy to decide processor allotment for each submitted application. Approaches to improve scheduling on a NoC processor is attempted. An approach to make any list scheduling method more time efficient to schedule a task graph on NoC is proposed and experimented. To schedule multiple applications on NoC, the number of cores and which cores to be assigned for each application must be decided. Our belief is that this job of deciding number of cores can be better performed by the joint collaboration of the user and system instead of any one doing it alone. Hence we have developed methods to find the optimal and maximal block of cores that an application can utilize which is later used to decide the actual core allotment for each application. Policies to decide how many and which cores to be assigned for each application are suggested. All the experiments in this thesis are carried out using a discrete event simulator. Benchmark task graphs are taken from different sources, from where other researchers have taken to compare their scheduler performance. The metrics makespan and efficiency of the schedule are used. The developed LBS is compared with MCPA the most widely accepted good scheduler and EMTS the recent PTG scheduler are chosen for performance comparison. The benchmark suite includes regular task graph, random task graph and few real applications task graph. For regular task graphs LBS shows in improvement in makespan by 2-9% in comparison to MCPA. But for irregular PTGs, LBS shows 4-12% performance improvement over MCPA, which is significantly higher than for regular PTGs. Since EMTS uses evolutionary methods, it generates better schedule but at the expense of more computing time. The proposed LBS performance is inferior to EMTS by around 2-7% and 2-4% for regular and random PTGs respectively. Another metric used is the efficiency which is a measure of effective utilization of resources. The efficiency of LBS is more than MCPA, but the improvement is less than that for makespan. This is attributed to the fact task allocation in MCPA leads to better utilization of processors than in L BS. Efficiency of LBS is more than MCPA by 1-3% and less than EMTS by 1-2%. Another scheduler ILBS is compared with LBS and TwoL[rauber 1998], a good method to schedule set of independent tasks. ILBS exhibits performance improvement of 2-7% over LBS and 2-10% over TwoL for regular PTGs. For random PTGs improvement is 6-12% over LBS and 4-8% over TwoL. The increased performance of ILBS for regular PTGs is attributed to the method of finding of the best possible schedule at each level. The performance of the proposed novel method of sharing processors among multiple task graphs is compared with the most recent methods suggested by Tapke et al. The new method exhibited a performance improvement of 6-9% for all categories of task graph and is maximum when the demand for the processors is relatively more than available processors. A complete framework is developed to tailor together the pieces of work carried out. The new policies suggested to decide processor allotment for each task graph show 4-7% performance improvement in average completion time of a task graph. The proposed policy also exhibits better performance for the time required to complete a set of task graphs by 4-7%. Thus the new policy is good from both user and system perspectives. The approach to make list scheduling method more time efficient to generate a schedule for a NoC processor is implemented in DLS[] method and it recorded around 20-45% improvement in execution time. The time is recorded by executing the application on the cycle accurate multi2sim simulator. The new policy proposed to decide the cores allotment for each application performs better than the best methods found in the literature by 4-20%. The issues in scheduling multiple applications on a cluster of multi-core processors and a NoC processor is addressed in this thesis. The observed performance improvement indicate the usefulness of proposed methods.

Literary Genre Essay

What is Literature? Language Department IPGK Pendidikan Teknik Based on your experience learning literature, what is literature? What are the characteristics of literature? Do you need to learn literature? †¢? Traditionally, literature is â€Å"imaginative† writing. †¢? However, the distinction between â€Å"real† and â€Å"fake† or â€Å"fact† and â€Å"fiction† isn’t always a good distinction; many classical works were non-fiction. Literature is Subjective †¢? Since the 1980’s, the â€Å"literary canon† of works – a group of works â€Å"agreed upon† to be â€Å"the best† by well-known scholars and critics, has been disputed. Why do you think the â€Å"canon† was disputed? †¢? The â€Å"Canon† excluded most works that were not by white, European males. †¢? Works of literature by women, homosexuals, and works by individuals of varied races, classes and ethnicities were marginalised. How did this happen? †¢? There are many ways of â€Å"writing† – but those in power recognised only one, formal way of â€Å"writing†, and this was given the higher value. †¢? Thus, the literary â€Å"canon† is a construct; it was fashioned by particular people for particular reasons at a particular time. †¢? There is no literary work or tradition that has value in and of itself †¦ †¢? †¦. even Shakespeare! †¢? In his era, Shakespeare was regarded as a hack! †¢? Time and circumstance has offered the value to particular text; and this â€Å"value† is a transitive term – it will change as the people in power change and are altered, and according to the context of the reading of a particular text. 10 years ago †¦. †¢? BLOGS were stupid. †¢? NOW, Iraq War Veterans’ BLOGS are considered vital historic and â€Å"literary† documents! Revisioning the Canon: †¢? All â€Å"literary† works are unconsciously rewritten by the societies that read them. Context †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the  light of their own concerns. †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given circumstances. †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given time period. The Diary of Anne Frank: †¢? Literature? Or Not? I Have A Dream: †¢? Is this speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Literature? Or Not? Literature and â€Å"value† †¢? Each of us is constructed by experiences and backgrounds and emotions and ideas and prejudices and knowledge and lack of knowledge †¦ †¢? How we each respond to a particular text is deeply entwined with our broader prejudices and belief systems. Basic Definition of Literature †¢? Latin – litterae (plural for letter) †¢? Literally means â€Å"acquaintance with letters† Why Do We Study Literature? †¢? To obtain a window of the world and other cultures. †¢? To understand ourselves (how? ). †¢? To gain insights into a character’s inner thoughts, con? icts, aspirations etc. †¢? To actively shape culture through the active and articulate constructions of sociocultural realities. So †¦ what is literature? †¢? What constitutes a â€Å"literary† text? †¢? What qualities will help me to determine the â€Å"literariness† of a text? †¢? Read â€Å"What is Literature† by Jim Meyer for our class discussion this Thursday.

The Battle of Plataea Persian War History

The Battle of Plataea believed to have been fought in August 479 BC, during the Persian Wars (499 BC-449 BC). Armies Commanders Greeks Pausaniasapprox. 40,000 men Persians Mardoniusapprox. 70,000-120,000 men Background In 480 BC, a large Persian army led by Xerxes invaded Greece. Though briefly checked during the opening phases of the Battle of Thermopylae in August, he eventually won the engagement and swept through Boeotia and Attica capturing Athens. Falling back, Greek forces fortified the Isthmus of Corinth to prevent the Persians from entering the Peloponnesus. That September, the Greek fleet won a stunning victory over the Persians at Salamis. Concerned that the victorious Greeks would sail north and destroy the pontoon bridges he had built over the Hellespont, Xerxes withdrew to Asia with the bulk of his men. Before departing, he formed a force under the command of Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece. Assessing the situation, Mardonius elected to abandon Attica and withdrew north to Thessaly for the winter. This allowed the Athenians to reoccupy their city. As Athens was not protected by the defenses on the isthmus, Athens demanded that an Allied army be sent north in 479 to deal with the Persian threat. This was met with reluctance by Athens allies, despite the fact that the Athenian fleet was required to prevent Persian landings on the Peloponnesus. Sensing an opportunity, Mardonius attempted to woo Athens away from the other Greek city-states. These entreaties were refused and the Persians began marching south forcing Athens to be evacuated. With the enemy in their city, Athens, along with representatives of Megara and Plataea, approached Sparta and demanded that an army be sent north or they would defect to the Persians. Aware of the situation, the Spartan leadership was convinced to send aid by Chileos of Tegea shortly before the emissaries arrived. Arriving in Sparta, the Athenians were surprised to learn that an army was already on the move. Marching to Battle Alerted to the Spartan efforts, Mardonius effectively destroyed Athens before withdrawing towards Thebes with the goal of finding suitable terrain to employ his advantage in cavalry. Nearing Plataea, he established a fortified camp on the north bank of the Asopus River. Marching in pursuit, the Spartan army, led by Pausanias, was augmented by a large hoplite force from Athens commanded by Aristides as well as forces from the other allied cities. Moving through the passes of Mount Kithairon, Pausanias formed the combined army on high ground to the east of Plataea. Opening Moves Aware that an assault on the Greek position would be costly and unlikely to succeed, Mardonius began intriguing with the Greeks in an effort to break apart their alliance. In addition, he ordered a series of cavalry attacks in an attempt to lure the Greeks off the high ground. These failed and resulted in the death of his cavalry commander Masistius. Emboldened by this success, Pausanias advanced the army to high ground closer to the Persian camp with the Spartans and Tegeans on the right, the Athenians on the left, and the other allies in the center (Map). For the next eight days, the Greeks remained unwilling to abandon their favorable terrain, while Mardonius refused to attack. Instead, he sought to force the Greeks from the heights by attacking their supply lines. Persian cavalry began ranging in the Greek rear and intercepting supply convoys coming through the Mount Kithairon passes. After two days of these attacks, the Persian horse succeeded in denying the Greeks use of the Gargaphian Spring which was their only source of water. Placed in a perilous situation, the Greeks elected to fall back to a position in front of Plataea that night. The Battle of Plataea The movement was intended to be completed in the darkness as to prevent an attack. This goal was missed and dawn found the three segments of the Greek line scattered and out of position. Realizing the danger, Pausanias instructed the Athenians to join with his Spartans, however, this failed to occur when the former kept moving toward Plataea. In the Persian camp, Mardonius was surprised to find the heights empty and soon saw the Greeks withdrawing. Believing the enemy to be in full retreat, he gathered several of his elite infantry units and began pursuing. Without orders, the bulk of the Persian army also followed (Map). The Athenians were soon attacked by troops from Thebes which had allied with the Persians. To the east, the Spartans and Tegeans were assaulted by Persian cavalry and then archers. Under fire, their phalanxes advanced against the Persian infantry. Though outnumbered, the Greek hoplites were better armed and possessed better armor than the Persians. In a long fight, the Greeks began to gain the advantage. Arriving on the scene, Mardonius was struck down by slung stone and killed. Their commander dead, the Persians began a disorganized retreat back towards their camp. Sensing that defeat was near, the Persian commander Artabazus led his men away from the field towards Thessaly. On the western side of the battlefield, the Athenians were able to drive off the Thebans. Pushing forward the various Greek contingents converged on the Persian camp north of the river. Though the Persians vigorously defended the walls, they were eventually breached by the Tegeans. Storming inside, the Greeks proceeded to slaughter the trapped Persians. Of those who had fled to the camp, only 3,000 survived the fighting. Aftermath of Plataea As with most ancient battles, casualties for Plataea are not known with certainty. Depending on the source, Greek losses may have ranged from 159 to 10,000. The Greek historian Herodotus claimed that only 43,000 Persians survived the battle. While Artabazus men retreated back to Asia, the Greek army began efforts to capture Thebes as punishment for joining with the Persians. Around the time of Plataea, the Greek fleet won a decisive victory over the Persians at the Battle of Mycale. Combined, these two victories ended the second Persian invasion of Greece and marked a turn in the conflict. With the invasion threat lifted, the Greeks began offensive operations in Asia Minor.

Definition and Examples of Ontological Metaphor

An ontological metaphor is a type of metaphor (or figurative comparison) in which something concrete is projected onto something abstract. Ontological metaphor (a figure that provides ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances) is one of the three overlapping categories of conceptual metaphors identified by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in Metaphors We Live By (1980). The other two categories are structural metaphor and orientational metaphor. Ontological metaphors  are  so natural and persuasive in our thought, say Lakoff and Johnson, that they are usually taken as self-evident, direct descriptions of mental phenomena. Indeed, they say, ontological metaphors are among the most basic devices we have for comprehending our experience. What is an Ontological Metaphor? In general, ontological metaphors enable us to see more sharply delineated structure where there is very little or none ... We can perceive of personification as a form of ontological metaphor. In personification, human qualities are given to nonhuman entities. Personification is very common in literature, but it also abounds in everyday discourse, as the examples below show: His theory explained to me the behavior of chickens raised in factories.Life has cheated me.Inflation is eating up our profits.Cancer finally caught up with him.The computer ​ went dead on me. Theory, life, inflation, cancer, computer are not humans, but they are given qualities of human beings, such as explaining, cheating, eating, catching up, and dying. Personification makes use of one of the best source domains we have--ourselves. In personifying nonhumans as humans, we can begin to understand them a little better.(Zoltà ¡n Kà ¶vecses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2002) Lakoff and Johnson on the Various Purposes of Ontological Metaphors   Ontological metaphors serve various purposes, and the various kinds of metaphors there are reflect the kinds of purposes served. Take the experience of rising prices, which can be metaphorically viewed as an entity via the noun inflation. This gives us a way of referring to the experience: INFLATION IS AN ENTITYInflation is lowering our standard of living.If theres much more inflation, well never survive.We need to combat inflation.Inflation is backing us into a corner.Inflation is taking its toll at the checkout counter and the gas pump.Buying land is the best way of dealing with inflation.Inflation makes me sick. In these cases, viewing inflation as an entity allows us to refer to it, quantify it, identify a particular aspect of it, see it as a cause, act with respect to it, and perhaps even believe that we understand it. Ontological metaphors like this are necessary for even attempting to deal rationally with our experiences.(George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press, 1980) Mere Metaphors and Ontological Metaphors Within metaphor, a distinction can be drawn between mere and ontological metaphor; whereas the former simply associates a physical concept with a metaphysical one, the latter recognizes that all concepts resonate with possible transpositions and, as such, brings to the fore the world-making power of speaking. Furthermore, ontological metaphor structures experience as an openness to . . . movement between concepts.(Clive Cazeaux, Kant, Cognitive Metaphor and Continental Philosophy. Routledge, 2007)